在(zai)實際生產過(guo)程中(zhong)，我們會發(fa)現(xian)相(xiang)同(tong)的(de)(de)CNC數(shu)控(kong)車(che)(che)床(chuang)不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)人員操作(zuo)，在(zai)相(xiang)同(tong)的(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)時間內生產效(xiao)率相(xiang)差很大，許多CNC數(shu)控(kong)車(che)(che)床(chuang)的(de)(de)加工(gong)能力(li)得不(bu)到充(chong)分(fen)的(de)(de)體現(xian)，發(fa)揮不(bu)出其zui優作(zuo)用。在(zai)使用過(guo)程中(zhong)，只有充(chong)分(fen)考慮影響CNC數(shu)控(kong)車(che)(che)床(chuang)生產效(xiao)率的(de)(de)各方(fang)面因素，想方(fang)設法(fa)地提高CNC數(shu)控(kong)車(che)(che)床(chuang)的(de)(de)生產效(xiao)率，才能使CNC數(shu)控(kong)車(che)(che)床(chuang)的(de)(de)生產能力(li)得到充(chong)分(fen)的(de)(de)發(fa)揮。

  1.制定合理的(de)加工工藝(yi)路線，減(jian)少數控銑削(xue)的(de)輔助(zhu)時間

  為了(le)提(ti)高CNC數控(kong)車(che)床(chuang)的(de)生產效率，首(shou)先(xian)必須認真(zhen)分析CNC數控(kong)車(che)床(chuang)所(suo)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)零(ling)件，弄清零(ling)件的(de)材料、結構特點和形位公差要(yao)求、粗糙度、熱處理等(deng)方面的(de)技術(shu)要(yao)求。然后在此基礎上，選擇(ze)合理的(de)銑削加工(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝和簡潔的(de)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)路線。

  加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)的(de)制定(ding)：通常一個(ge)零件(jian)可以(yi)有數種不(bu)同的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)過(guo)程，零件(jian)的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)過(guo)程不(bu)同，其生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)效率、加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)成本(ben)以(yi)及(ji)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)精度往(wang)往(wang)有著(zhu)顯著(zhu)的(de)差(cha)別，因此(ci)我們應(ying)在保證零件(jian)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)質量(liang)的(de)前提(ti)下，根據生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)具(ju)體條件(jian)，盡(jin)量(liang)提(ti)高生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)效率和降(jiang)低生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)成本(ben)，制定(ding)出合理的(de)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)。

  加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)線(xian)的(de)確(que)(que)定(ding)(ding):正確(que)(que)簡潔(jie)的(de)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)線(xian)，是保(bao)證(zheng)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質量(liang)(liang)和(he)提(ti)高(gao)效(xiao)率的(de)基礎。選擇零件(jian)的(de)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)線(xian)時(shi)，必須遵守加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)線(xian)的(de)確(que)(que)定(ding)(ding)原則(ze)，才能達到(dao)提(ti)高(gao)生產(chan)效(xiao)率的(de)目(mu)的(de)。確(que)(que)定(ding)(ding)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)線(xian)的(de)原則(ze)主要(yao)有：應(ying)能保(bao)證(zheng)零件(jian)的(de)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)精度和(he)表面粗(cu)糙度的(de)要(yao)求，且(qie)效(xiao)率較高(gao)；應(ying)盡(jin)量(liang)(liang)使(shi)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)線(xian)zui短，這(zhe)樣既(ji)可(ke)減(jian)(jian)少(shao)(shao)程(cheng)序段，又可(ke)減(jian)(jian)少(shao)(shao)刀(dao)具(ju)空程(cheng)走(zou)刀(dao)時(shi)間(jian)；應(ying)使(shi)數值計算簡單，程(cheng)序段數量(liang)(liang)少(shao)(shao)，以減(jian)(jian)少(shao)(shao)編程(cheng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作量(liang)(liang)。此外，確(que)(que)定(ding)(ding)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)線(xian)時(shi)，還要(yao)考慮工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)的(de)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)余量(liang)(liang)和(he)車(che)床(chuang)、刀(dao)具(ju)的(de)剛(gang)度等情況，確(que)(que)定(ding)(ding)是一次(ci)走(zou)刀(dao)，還是多次(ci)走(zou)刀(dao)來完(wan)成加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。同(tong)時(shi)，應(ying)盡(jin)量(liang)(liang)做到(dao)一次(ci)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)夾(jia)、多方位加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，一次(ci)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)成形(xing)。這(zhe)樣，可(ke)減(jian)(jian)少(shao)(shao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)的(de)安裝(zhuang)(zhuang)次(ci)數，有效(xiao)縮(suo)短搬運(yun)和(he)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)夾(jia)的(de)時(shi)間(jian)。這(zhe)樣，既(ji)能有效(xiao)地提(ti)高(gao)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)效(xiao)率又能很(hen)好地保(bao)證(zheng)零件(jian)的(de)位置精度要(yao)求。

  2.選擇恰當的刀具

  選(xuan)(xuan)擇刀(dao)(dao)具(ju)應考慮CNC數(shu)控車(che)床的加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)能力、工(gong)(gong)(gong)序內容(rong)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)材料(liao)等(deng)因素。CNC數(shu)控車(che)床所選(xuan)(xuan)擇的刀(dao)(dao)具(ju)，不(bu)僅要求(qiu)具(ju)有(you)高硬(ying)度、高耐磨性、足夠(gou)的強度和韌(ren)性、高耐熱(re)性及良好的工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝性，而(er)且(qie)要求(qiu)尺寸(cun)穩定、安(an)裝(zhuang)調整方便。所以應采(cai)用新型優質材料(liao)制(zhi)造(zao)數(shu)控加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)刀(dao)(dao)具(ju)，并優化刀(dao)(dao)具(ju)參(can)數(shu)，使刀(dao)(dao)具(ju)的尺寸(cun)與被加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)的表面(mian)尺寸(cun)和形(xing)狀相適(shi)(shi)應。那么(me)，怎么(me)選(xuan)(xuan)擇合適(shi)(shi)的切削刀(dao)(dao)具(ju)呢(ni)？

  （1）選擇適(shi)當(dang)的(de)刀(dao)具

  在CNC數(shu)控(kong)車床的(de)(de)切削(xue)加工(gong)中(zhong)，金屬(shu)切削(xue)刀(dao)具(ju)的(de)(de)作用(yong)是極其重要的(de)(de)。制造刀(dao)具(ju)的(de)(de)材(cai)料必(bi)須具(ju)有(you)較高的(de)(de)硬(ying)度(du)、耐磨(mo)性(xing)(xing)和(he)耐熱性(xing)(xing)，足(zu)夠的(de)(de)強度(du)和(he)韌(ren)性(xing)(xing)，良好(hao)的(de)(de)導熱性(xing)(xing)及工(gong)藝性(xing)(xing)，并具(ju)有(you)良好(hao)的(de)(de)經濟性(xing)(xing)。在選(xuan)用(yong)刀(dao)具(ju)過程(cheng)中(zhong)，在滿足(zu)零件加工(gong)要求(qiu)的(de)(de)前提下，盡量選(xuan)擇直徑(jing)較大的(de)(de)刀(dao)具(ju)，它的(de)(de)強度(du)及韌(ren)性(xing)(xing)較好(hao)；同一(yi)道(dao)工(gong)序中(zhong)，選(xuan)用(yong)的(de)(de)刀(dao)具(ju)數(shu)量盡量少，以減少換刀(dao)次數(shu)；盡可能選(xuan)擇通用(yong)的(de)(de)標準刀(dao)具(ju)，不(bu)用(yong)或少用(yong)特殊的(de)(de)非標準刀(dao)具(ju)。

  （2）合理確定對刀點

  對(dui)刀(dao)點(dian)(dian)(dian)是(shi)在CNC數(shu)控車(che)床上(shang)加工(gong)零(ling)件(jian)時，刀(dao)具(ju)相對(dui)于(yu)工(gong)件(jian)運動的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)起點(dian)(dian)(dian)。又稱“程(cheng)序起點(dian)(dian)(dian)"或(huo)“起到點(dian)(dian)(dian)"。對(dui)刀(dao)點(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)選擇必須遵(zun)守以(yi)(yi)下原則(ze)：便(bian)于(yu)用數(shu)字處理和簡(jian)化程(cheng)序編制(zhi)；在車(che)床上(shang)找(zhao)正容易，加工(gong)便(bian)于(yu)檢查(cha)；引起的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)加工(gong)誤(wu)差小。對(dui)刀(dao)點(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位置可(ke)選在工(gong)件(jian)上(shang)，也(ye)可(ke)選在工(gong)件(jian)外面（如夾(jia)具(ju)或(huo)車(che)床上(shang)），但必須與零(ling)件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)定位基準有一定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)尺(chi)寸關系。對(dui)刀(dao)點(dian)(dian)(dian)應盡量(liang)選在零(ling)件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設計基準或(huo)工(gong)藝基準上(shang)，如以(yi)(yi)孔(kong)(kong)定位的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)件(jian)，可(ke)選孔(kong)(kong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中心作(zuo)為對(dui)刀(dao)點(dian)(dian)(dian)。刀(dao)具(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位置則(ze)以(yi)(yi)此孔(kong)(kong)來找(zhao)正，使“到位點(dian)(dian)(dian)"與“對(dui)刀(dao)點(dian)(dian)(dian)"重合。這樣，可(ke)以(yi)(yi)便(bian)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)更好地(di)提高對(dui)刀(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)率，保(bao)證加工(gong)質量(liang)。

  3.合理(li)安裝夾緊(jin)工(gong)件(jian)，提(ti)高裝夾速度

  在CNC數(shu)控車床上加(jia)工(gong)工(gong)件時(shi)，工(gong)件的定位安裝應力求(qiu)使設計基(ji)準(zhun)、工(gong)藝基(ji)準(zhun)與編程計算的基(ji)準(zhun)統一；盡量減少裝夾(jia)次(ci)數(shu)，盡可(ke)能在一次(ci)定位裝夾(jia)后(hou)，加(jia)工(gong)出全(quan)部待加(jia)工(gong)表面；避免采(cai)用占(zhan)機人工(gong)調整加(jia)工(gong)方案，以充(chong)分發揮CNC數(shu)控車床的效能。

  CNC數控車床切削加工時，對零件(jian)進行定(ding)位、夾緊設計以及家具的(de)(de)選用和(he)(he)設計等問題上要(yao)作全(quan)面(mian)考慮。在設計家具時，首(shou)先要(yao)保證家具的(de)(de)坐(zuo)標(biao)方向與車床的(de)(de)坐(zuo)標(biao)方向相對固定(ding)。其次(ci)，要(yao)協調零件(jian)和(he)(he)車床坐(zuo)標(biao)系的(de)(de)尺寸關系。同(tong)時，還應考慮：

  （1）當零件生(sheng)產(chan)批(pi)量(liang)不(bu)大時，應盡量(liang)采用組(zu)合(he)夾(jia)具、可調式夾(jia)具及通用夾(jia)具，以縮(suo)短生(sheng)產(chan)準備時間、節省(sheng)生(sheng)產(chan)費用；

  （2）在成批生(sheng)產時才考慮(lv)采(cai)用專用夾(jia)具，并力求結構簡單；

  （3）零件的裝卸要快速(su)、方便、可靠，以縮短車床的停機(ji)時間；

  （4）夾具上各零部件(jian)應不妨礙(ai)車床對零件(jian)各表面的加工(gong)；

  （5）在(zai)選擇工裝時應有利于刀具(ju)交(jiao)換，避免發生(sheng)干涉(she)碰撞；

  （6）在成(cheng)批生(sheng)產中還可采用多位、多件(jian)夾具，以提(ti)高(gao)加工效(xiao)率。

  4.合理選擇切削用量，提高加工余(yu)量的切除效(xiao)率

  切(qie)(qie)(qie)(qie)削用(yong)量包括(kuo)：主(zhu)軸轉速、切(qie)(qie)(qie)(qie)削深度(du)、進給(gei)(gei)速度(du)。在選擇數(shu)控銑(xian)床的切(qie)(qie)(qie)(qie)削用(yong)量時(shi)，如果是粗加(jia)工，一般以提高(gao)生產率為(wei)主(zhu)，但也要考慮經(jing)濟性(xing)和(he)加(jia)工成本(ben)，可(ke)(ke)選擇較(jiao)大的切(qie)(qie)(qie)(qie)削深度(du)和(he)進給(gei)(gei)速度(du)；要是半精加(jia)工和(he)精加(jia)工，應(ying)(ying)在保(bao)證加(jia)工質量的前提下，兼顧效率、經(jing)濟性(xing)和(he)加(jia)工成本(ben)；刀具(ju)做空(kong)程運動時(shi)應(ying)(ying)設定盡可(ke)(ke)能(neng)高(gao)的進給(gei)(gei)速度(du)。具(ju)體數(shu)值應(ying)(ying)根據車(che)床說明書、切(qie)(qie)(qie)(qie)削用(yong)量手冊，并(bing)結合經(jing)驗而定。

  5.實行(xing)刀具預調和自動測狼，減少占機調整(zheng)時間

  CNC數控車(che)床加工過程(cheng)中往往要用到多把(ba)不(bu)同的(de)(de)刀具(ju)，如果(guo)刀具(ju)不(bu)能預(yu)先調(diao)好，就(jiu)需要操作者把(ba)每一把(ba)刀具(ju)都安(an)裝(zhuang)到主軸上，慢慢地(di)確定它們(men)的(de)(de)準確長度和直徑。然后，通過CNC控制面上的(de)(de)按鍵用人(ren)工輸入。如果(guo)使用對(dui)刀儀(yi)，它可以xx測(ce)量出刀具(ju)的(de)(de)直徑和長度，減少車(che)床占(zhan)用時(shi)間(jian)，提高首(shou)件合格(ge)率，大大提升數控銑(xian)床的(de)(de)生產效率。

  6.靈活運用CNC數控車床的各(ge)種輔助功能及宏程序

  CNC數控車床(chuang)具(ju)(ju)有刀(dao)具(ju)(ju)半徑和長(chang)度補(bu)償功能(neng)，通(tong)過改變刀(dao)具(ju)(ju)補(bu)償的方法彌(mi)補(bu)刀(dao)具(ju)(ju)尺寸誤差，以同一加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)序實現分(fen)層銑(xian)削(xue)和粗、精(jing)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)或用于(yu)提(ti)高加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)精(jing)度，并(bing)可(ke)用同一加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)序加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)配合件。

  運用(yong)宏程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)zui大的(de)特點就(jiu)是將有規律(lv)的(de)形狀或(huo)尺寸用(yong)zui短(duan)的(de)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)表示出來，而且(qie)車床在執行(xing)此類程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)時，較執行(xing)CAD/CAM軟(ruan)件(jian)生成的(de)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)更(geng)加快捷，反應(ying)(ying)更(geng)迅(xun)速(su)。宏程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)可(ke)以使用(yong)變量(liang)，并給(gei)變量(liang)賦(fu)值，變量(liang)之間(jian)可(ke)以運算，程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)運行(xing)可(ke)以跳(tiao)轉，可(ke)以形成模塊化加工程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)，應(ying)(ying)用(yong)時只需要把零件(jian)信息、加工參數等輸入(ru)相應(ying)(ying)模塊的(de)調用(yong)語(yu)句(ju)中(zhong)，大大縮短(duan)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)編制和輸入(ru)時間(jian)。

  CNC數控車床還具有固定循環功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)、子程序功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)、鏡像加(jia)工功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)、旋轉燈功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，運用這些(xie)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)免去長程序的輸入，使(shi)用得當嘗(chang)嘗(chang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)受(shou)到(dao)事(shi)半功(gong)(gong)倍的效果(guo)。