數控車床的(de)類(lei)型和數控系統的(de)種類(lei)很(hen)多，以(yi)及各生產廠家(jia)設計的(de)操(cao)作面板也(ye)不(bu)盡相同，但操(cao)作面板中(zhong)各種旋(xuan)鈕、按鈕和鍵盤上鍵的(de)基本功(gong)能與使用方法基本相同。

數控(kong)車床(chuang)在完(wan)成一件產品的加工大(da)概需要(yao)三個(ge)控(kong)制步驟，下面(mian)給(gei)大(da)家(jia)分析。

1、進(jin)給(gei)運(yun)(yun)動(dong)控(kong)制(zhi) 進(jin)給(gei)運(yun)(yun)動(dong)是(shi)傳給(gei)刀具(ju)或(huo)(huo)工(gong)件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)運(yun)(yun)動(dong)，主(zhu)要配合(he)主(zhu)運(yun)(yun)動(dong)依(yi)次地或(huo)(huo)連續不斷地切(qie)除工(gong)件(jian)上的(de)(de)(de)多余材料(liao)，同時形成具(ju)有(you)所(suo)需幾(ji)何(he)特(te)性的(de)(de)(de)已加工(gong)表面。進(jin)給(gei)運(yun)(yun)動(dong)可以(yi)(yi)是(shi)間歇的(de)(de)(de)，也(ye)可以(yi)(yi)是(shi)連續進(jin)行的(de)(de)(de)。數控(kong)車(che)床(chuang)的(de)(de)(de)進(jin)給(gei)運(yun)(yun)動(dong)是(shi)通過進(jin)給(gei)伺(si)(si)服(fu)系(xi)統(tong)來實現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)，這是(shi)數控(kong)車(che)床(chuang)區別于通用(yong)車(che)床(chuang)的(de)(de)(de)重要方面之一。伺(si)(si)服(fu)控(kong)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)最(zui)終(zhong)目的(de)(de)(de)就(jiu)是(shi)實現(xian)對車(che)床(chuang)工(gong)作臺或(huo)(huo)刀具(ju)的(de)(de)(de)位置(zhi)控(kong)制(zhi)，伺(si)(si)服(fu)系(xi)統(tong)中所(suo)采(cai)取的(de)(de)(de)一切(qie)措施，都是(shi)為了保證進(jin)給(gei)運(yun)(yun)動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)位置(zhi)精度。

2、輸入/輸出(chu)（I/O）控(kong)制(zhi) 數控(kong)系統(tong)對(dui)(dui)加工程序處理后輸出(chu)的控(kong)制(zhi)信號(hao)，除了對(dui)(dui)進(jin)(jin)給運(yun)動軌(gui)跡(ji)進(jin)(jin)行連續控(kong)制(zhi)外，還要對(dui)(dui)車床(chuang)的各種狀(zhuang)態(tai)(tai)進(jin)(jin)行控(kong)制(zhi)，這些狀(zhuang)態(tai)(tai)包括主(zhu)軸的變頻控(kong)制(zhi)，主(zhu)軸的正(zheng)、反轉(zhuan)及停(ting)止，冷(leng)卻和潤滑裝置的起動和停(ting)止，刀(dao)具自動交換，工件夾緊和放松及分度工作(zuo)臺轉(zhuan)位等。

3、主(zhu)(zhu)運(yun)動(dong)(dong)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi) 和普(pu)通車床(chuang)(chuang)一樣(yang)，主(zhu)(zhu)運(yun)動(dong)(dong)是(shi)形成(cheng)切削速度并從工件上切除(chu)多余(yu)材(cai)料起主(zhu)(zhu)要作用(yong)的工作運(yun)動(dong)(dong)，用(yong)來完成(cheng)切削任(ren)務。車床(chuang)(chuang)功率主(zhu)(zhu)要消(xiao)耗(hao)于主(zhu)(zhu)運(yun)動(dong)(dong)，其(qi)動(dong)(dong)力約占整臺車床(chuang)(chuang)動(dong)(dong)力的70%-80%。數(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)車床(chuang)(chuang)的主(zhu)(zhu)運(yun)動(dong)(dong)是(shi)工件的回轉(zhuan)運(yun)動(dong)(dong)，也(ye)就是(shi)主(zhu)(zhu)軸(zhou)旋轉(zhuan)運(yun)動(dong)(dong)，基本控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)要實現主(zhu)(zhu)軸(zhou)的正、反轉(zhuan)和停止，可自動(dong)(dong)換(huan)檔及(ji)無級調速；數(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)鉆床(chuang)(chuang)、數(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)銑床(chuang)(chuang)和數(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)磨(mo)床(chuang)(chuang)的主(zhu)(zhu)運(yun)動(dong)(dong)是(shi)刀具或(huo)砂輪(lun)的回轉(zhuan)運(yun)動(dong)(dong)；在(zai)數(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)刨削時，刀具或(huo)工作臺的往(wang)復直線運(yun)動(dong)(dong)是(shi)主(zhu)(zhu)運(yun)動(dong)(dong)；對加工中(zhong)心和一些(xie)數(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)車床(chuang)(chuang)還(huan)必(bi)須具有準停控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)和C軸(zhou)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)功能。

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