介紹，與其(qi)他(ta)編(bian)(bian)程(cheng)方(fang)式相(xiang)比的(de)優(you)點，并通過具(ju)體的(de)編(bian)(bian)程(cheng)實例，來(lai)說明(ming)宏程(cheng)序在數控車(che)床生(sheng)產(chan)加(jia)工(gong)實踐(jian)中仍然具(ju)有(you)其(qi)他(ta)編(bian)(bian)程(cheng)方(fang)式所不具(ju)備的(de)優(you)勢，在數控加(jia)工(gong)領(ling)(ling)域，尤其(qi)是數控車(che)加(jia)工(gong)領(ling)(ling)域，依然具(ju)有(you)廣泛的(de)應用空間。

用數控(kong)車(che)床加工(gong)(gong)(gong)有很大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)優勢，不僅可(ke)以(yi)(yi)降(jiang)低人工(gong)(gong)(gong)成本(ben)和產品缺(que)陷率(lv)，可(ke)以(yi)(yi)控(kong)制(zhi)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)時發生錯誤。在保證加工(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)量和生產效(xiao)率(lv)，要求小(xiao)批量的(de)(de)(de)(de)關鍵部分(fen)：數控(kong)磨床可(ke)以(yi)(yi)在計(ji)算(suan)機控(kong)制(zhi)下磨削(xue)高精(jing)度，高質(zhi)量，高效(xiao)率(lv)。它(ta)是專(zhuan)用磨床可(ke)以(yi)(yi)節省大(da)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)專(zhuan)用工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)裝(zhuang)備，具有很柔性(xing)制(zhi)造能(neng)力，取得較(jiao)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)濟效(xiao)益。它(ta)與一般的(de)(de)(de)(de)磨削(xue)比，漫長的(de)(de)(de)(de)過程可(ke)以(yi)(yi)xx許復(fu)雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)處理人為干擾因素多，精(jing)密零件加工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一致(zhi)性(xing)和互換性(xing)好，加工(gong)(gong)(gong)效(xiao)率(lv)高。

數控機(ji)床(chuang)以其精(jing)度高、效率高、能適應小批量多品種復雜零件的加工(gong)等優(you)點(dian)，在(zai)機(ji)械(xie)加工(gong)中得到(dao)日(ri)益(yi)廣泛的應用。概(gai)括(kuo)起來，數控機(ji)床(chuang)的加工(gong)有以下幾方面的優(you)點(dian)。

（1）適(shi)應(ying)性(xing)強(qiang)。適(shi)應(ying)性(xing)即所謂的(de)柔性(xing)，是(shi)指數(shu)(shu)控機(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)隨生產(chan)對(dui)象變化而變化的(de)適(shi)應(ying)能(neng)力。在(zai)數(shu)(shu)控機(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)上(shang)改(gai)變加工(gong)零件(jian)時，只需重新(xin)(xin)編制程(cheng)序，輸入新(xin)(xin)的(de)程(cheng)序后就(jiu)能(neng)實現(xian)對(dui)新(xin)(xin)的(de)零件(jian)的(de)加工(gong)；而不需改(gai)變機(ji)械部分和(he)(he)控制部分的(de)硬件(jian)，且生產(chan)過程(cheng)是(shi)自動(dong)完成的(de)。這就(jiu)為復雜結構零件(jian)的(de)單件(jian)、小批量(liang)生產(chan)以及(ji)試制新(xin)(xin)產(chan)品提供(gong)了極大的(de)方便。適(shi)應(ying)性(xing)強(qiang)是(shi)數(shu)(shu)控機(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)最(zui)突(tu)出的(de)優(you)點，也(ye)是(shi)數(shu)(shu)控機(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)得(de)以生產(chan)和(he)(he)迅速發(fa)展的(de)主要(yao)原(yuan)因。

（2）精(jing)(jing)度(du)高(gao)，質量穩定。數(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)床(chuang)是按數(shu)(shu)字形式(shi)給出的(de)(de)(de)(de)指令(ling)進行加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，一般情況下工(gong)(gong)(gong)作過程(cheng)不需要人工(gong)(gong)(gong)干預，這就xx了(le)操作者(zhe)人為產生的(de)(de)(de)(de)誤差(cha)。在設計(ji)制造數(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)床(chuang)時，采(cai)取(qu)了(le)許多措施，使數(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)床(chuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械部分達到了(le)較高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)精(jing)(jing)度(du)和剛度(du)。數(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)床(chuang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作臺(tai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)移(yi)動當量普(pu)遍達到了(le)0.01～0.0001mm，而且(qie)進給傳動鏈的(de)(de)(de)(de)反向間隙(xi)與(yu)絲杠螺距誤差(cha)等均可由數(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)進行補償，高(gao) 檔(dang)數(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)床(chuang)采(cai)用光柵尺進行工(gong)(gong)(gong)作臺(tai)移(yi)動的(de)(de)(de)(de)閉(bi)環控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制。數(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)床(chuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)精(jing)(jing)度(du)由過去的(de)(de)(de)(de)±0.01 mm提(ti)高(gao)到±0.005mm甚至更(geng)高(gao)。定位(wei)精(jing)(jing)度(du)九十年(nian)代初中期已達到±0.002mm～±0.005mm。此外，數(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)床(chuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)傳動系統與(yu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)床(chuang)結(jie)構(gou)都具有很高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)剛度(du)和熱(re)穩定性。通過補償技術(shu)，數(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)床(chuang)可獲得(de)比本身精(jing)(jing)度(du)更(geng)高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)精(jing)(jing)度(du)。尤其提(ti)高(gao)了(le)同一批零件生產的(de)(de)(de)(de)一致性，產品合(he)格率高(gao)，加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)質量穩定。

（3）生產效率高(gao)。零件(jian)加工(gong)(gong)所需(xu)的(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)主要包(bao)括機(ji)(ji)動(dong)(dong)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)和輔助時(shi)(shi)間(jian)兩(liang)部分。數控機(ji)(ji)床(chuang)主軸(zhou)的(de)(de)轉速和進給量(liang)的(de)(de)變化范圍比(bi)普通機(ji)(ji)床(chuang)大(da)(da)，因此數控機(ji)(ji)床(chuang)每(mei)一道工(gong)(gong)序都可選用最(zui)有利的(de)(de)切(qie)削(xue)用量(liang)。由于數控機(ji)(ji)床(chuang)結構剛性好，因此允許進行大(da)(da)切(qie)削(xue)用量(liang)的(de)(de)強力切(qie)削(xue)，這就提(ti)高(gao)了數控機(ji)(ji)床(chuang)的(de)(de)切(qie)削(xue)效率，節省(sheng)了機(ji)(ji)動(dong)(dong)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)。數控機(ji)(ji)床(chuang)的(de)(de)移動(dong)(dong)部件(jian)空(kong)行程(cheng)運動(dong)(dong)速度快，工(gong)(gong)件(jian)裝夾時(shi)(shi)間(jian)短，刀(dao)具可自(zi)動(dong)(dong)更換，輔助時(shi)(shi)間(jian)比(bi)一般機(ji)(ji)床(chuang)大(da)(da)為(wei)減少。

數控機(ji)(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)更(geng)換被加(jia)工(gong)零件時(shi)幾乎(hu)不需要重新調整機(ji)(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)，節(jie)省(sheng)(sheng)了(le)零件安裝調整時(shi)間(jian)。數控機(ji)(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)加(jia)工(gong)質量穩(wen)定(ding)，一般只作首(shou)件檢驗(yan)和(he)工(gong)序間(jian)關鍵尺寸的抽(chou)樣檢驗(yan)，因此節(jie)省(sheng)(sheng)了(le)停(ting)機(ji)(ji)檢驗(yan)時(shi)間(jian)。在加(jia)工(gong)中心(xin)機(ji)(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)上加(jia)工(gong)時(shi)，一臺機(ji)(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)實現了(le)多道(dao)工(gong)序的連續加(jia)工(gong)，生產(chan)效率的提高更(geng)為顯(xian)著(zhu)。

（4）能實(shi)現(xian)復雜(za)的(de)運動。普通機床難以實(shi)現(xian)或無法實(shi)現(xian)軌(gui)(gui)跡為三次以上(shang)的(de)曲線或曲面(mian)(mian)的(de)運動，如螺旋槳(jiang)、汽輪(lun)機葉片之(zhi)類的(de)空(kong)間曲面(mian)(mian)；而數控(kong)機床則可實(shi)現(xian)幾(ji)乎是任(ren)意軌(gui)(gui)跡的(de)運動和加工任(ren)何(he)形(xing)狀的(de)空(kong)間曲面(mian)(mian)，適應(ying)于復雜(za)異形(xing)零件的(de)加工。

（5）良好的經濟效益。數(shu)控機床(chuang)雖然設(she)備(bei)昂貴(gui)，加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)時(shi)分攤(tan)到每個零件上的設(she)備(bei)折舊費較高。但在單件、小(xiao)批量生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)的情況下(xia)，使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)數(shu)控機床(chuang)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)可(ke)節(jie)省(sheng)劃線工(gong)(gong)(gong)時(shi)，減少調整、加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)和(he)檢(jian)驗(yan)時(shi)間，節(jie)省(sheng)直接生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)費用(yong)(yong)(yong)。數(shu)控機床(chuang)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)零件一般不需制作專用(yong)(yong)(yong)夾具(ju)，節(jie)省(sheng)了工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)裝備(bei)費用(yong)(yong)(yong)。數(shu)控機床(chuang)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)精(jing)度穩定，減少了廢品率，使(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)成本(ben)進(jin)一步下(xia)降。此外，數(shu)控機床(chuang)可(ke)實現一機多用(yong)(yong)(yong)，節(jie)省(sheng)廠房面(mian)積(ji)和(he)建(jian)廠投資。因此使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)數(shu)控機床(chuang)可(ke)獲得良好的經濟效益。

（6）有利于(yu)生產(chan)管理的現(xian)代化(hua)。數(shu)控(kong)機床使用(yong)數(shu)字(zi)信息與標準代碼處(chu)理、傳遞信息，特別是在數(shu)控(kong)機床上使用(yong)計算機控(kong)制，為計算機輔助設計、制造以及(ji)管理一體化(hua)奠定了(le)基礎。

數(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)車(che)(che)床(chuang)結構復雜，所(suo)以要求(qiu)調試與維修人員(yuan)應(ying)經過(guo)專門的(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)培訓(xun)，才能(neng)勝任此項工(gong)作(zuo)。某些數(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)車(che)(che)床(chuang)，特別是(shi)(shi)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)中(zhong)心，一(yi)次(ci)裝(zhuang)夾后，幾乎(hu)能(neng)完成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)零件的(de)(de)全部工(gong)序(xu)的(de)(de)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)，可以代替(ti)5—7臺普通車(che)(che)床(chuang)。數(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)車(che)(che)床(chuang)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)工(gong)序(xu)是(shi)(shi)由程序(xu)直接控(kong)(kong)(kong)制的(de)(de)，操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)者一(yi)般只需(xu)裝(zhuang)卸零件和更換刀具并(bing)監視數(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)車(che)(che)床(chuang)的(de)(de)運行(xing)，大(da)大(da)減輕了操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)者的(de)(de)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)強度，同時也(ye)節省了勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)力。由于計算(suan)機(ji)具有高超(chao)的(de)(de)運算(suan)能(neng)力，可以瞬間(jian)(jian)準確地計算(suan)出每個坐標軸瞬間(jian)(jian)應(ying)該(gai)運動(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)運動(dong)(dong)量，因此數(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)車(che)(che)床(chuang)能(neng)完成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)普通車(che)(che)床(chuang)難(nan)以加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)或根本不能(neng)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)的(de)(de)復雜型面(mian)的(de)(de)零件。數(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)車(che)(che)床(chuang)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)是(shi)(shi)以數(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)系統為(wei)代表的(de)(de)新技(ji)(ji)術(shu)對傳統機(ji)械制造產(chan)業滲(shen)透形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)機(ji)電一(yi)體化產(chan)品，所(suo)需(xu)的(de)(de)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)條件，如進給速度、主軸轉速、刀具選擇等，都(dou)是(shi)(shi)由指令代碼事(shi)先規定好的(de)(de)，整個加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)過(guo)程是(shi)(shi)自動(dong)(dong)進行(xing)的(de)(de)，人為(wei)造成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)誤差(cha)很小，數(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)車(che)(che)床(chuang)而(er)且傳動(dong)(dong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)間(jian)(jian)隙及誤差(cha)還可以由數(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)系統進行(xing)補(bu)償。因此，數(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)車(che)(che)床(chuang)的(de)(de)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)精度較高。此外，數(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)車(che)(che)床(chuang)能(neng)進行(xing)重復性的(de)(de)操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)，尺寸一(yi)致性好，減少了廢品率。

數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)系統(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)增加了(le)(le)(le)(le)對車(che)(che)(che)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)誤(wu)差(cha)、加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)誤(wu)差(cha)等(deng)修(xiu)正補償的(de)(de)(de)(de)功能，使數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)車(che)(che)(che)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)精(jing)度(du)(du)及(ji)重復定(ding)位精(jing)度(du)(du)進一(yi)(yi)步提(ti)(ti)高。數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)車(che)(che)(che)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)對零件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)是按事(shi)先編好的(de)(de)(de)(de)程(cheng)(cheng)序自(zi)動(dong)完成的(de)(de)(de)(de)，操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)者除了(le)(le)(le)(le)操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)鍵盤(pan)，裝卸工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)，進行(xing)關鍵工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序的(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)檢測以及(ji)觀察車(che)(che)(che)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)運行(xing)外，不需(xu)(xu)要進行(xing)繁雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)重復性(xing)手(shou)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)，勞動(dong)強度(du)(du)與緊張程(cheng)(cheng)度(du)(du)均可(ke)(ke)大(da)為減(jian)(jian)(jian)輕。另外，數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)車(che)(che)(che)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)一(yi)(yi)般都具(ju)有(you)(you)較好的(de)(de)(de)(de)安全防護、自(zi)動(dong)排(pai)屑、自(zi)動(dong)冷卻和自(zi)動(dong)潤滑等(deng)裝置。數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)車(che)(che)(che)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)不必(bi)像(xiang)通用(yong)車(che)(che)(che)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)那樣采(cai)用(yong)很多(duo)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)裝，僅需(xu)(xu)要少量工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)夾具(ju)。一(yi)(yi)旦零件(jian)圖有(you)(you)修(xiu)改，只需(xu)(xu)修(xiu)改相(xiang)應的(de)(de)(de)(de)程(cheng)(cheng)序部(bu)分，就可(ke)(ke)在短(duan)時(shi)間(jian)內將新(xin)零件(jian)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)出來。因而生產(chan)周期短(duan)，靈活性(xing)強，為多(duo)品種小批(pi)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)生產(chan)和新(xin)產(chan)品的(de)(de)(de)(de)研制提(ti)(ti)供了(le)(le)(le)(le)有(you)(you)利條(tiao)件(jian)。數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)車(che)(che)(che)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主軸轉速(su)(su)和進給(gei)量范圍比通用(yong)車(che)(che)(che)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)范圍大(da)，每一(yi)(yi)道工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序都能選用(yong){zj0}的(de)(de)(de)(de)切(qie)削(xue)用(yong)量，數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)車(che)(che)(che)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)結構(gou)剛性(xing)允許數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)車(che)(che)(che)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)進行(xing)大(da)切(qie)削(xue)用(yong)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)強力切(qie)削(xue)，從而有(you)(you)效節省了(le)(le)(le)(le)機動(dong)時(shi)間(jian)。數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)車(che)(che)(che)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)移動(dong)部(bu)件(jian)在定(ding)位中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)均采(cai)用(yong)加減(jian)(jian)(jian)速(su)(su)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制，并可(ke)(ke)選用(yong)很高的(de)(de)(de)(de)空行(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)運動(dong)速(su)(su)度(du)(du)，縮短(duan)了(le)(le)(le)(le)定(ding)位和非切(qie)削(xue)時(shi)間(jian)。使用(yong)帶有(you)(you)刀庫和自(zi)動(dong)換刀裝置的(de)(de)(de)(de)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心時(shi)，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)往往只需(xu)(xu)進行(xing)一(yi)(yi)次裝夾就可(ke)(ke)完成所(suo)有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序，減(jian)(jian)(jian)少了(le)(le)(le)(le)半成品的(de)(de)(de)(de)周轉時(shi)間(jian)，生產(chan)效率(lv)非常(chang)高。數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)車(che)(che)(che)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質量穩定(ding)，還可(ke)(ke)減(jian)(jian)(jian)少檢驗(yan)時(shi)間(jian)。數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)車(che)(che)(che)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)可(ke)(ke)比普通車(che)(che)(che)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)提(ti)(ti)高效率(lv)2—3倍(bei)(bei)，復雜零件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，生產(chan)率(lv)可(ke)(ke)提(ti)(ti)高十幾倍(bei)(bei)甚(shen)至幾十倍(bei)(bei)。

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